El auge y la caída del mito de la epinefrina en la mano / The Rise and Fall of the Epinephrine Myth in the Hand

La posibilidad de operar a los pacientes con afecciones de la mano bajo anestesia local con la lidocaína y la epinefrina usando la técnica WALANT provocó una revolución en la cirugía de la mano, que facilitó la vida de los pacientes y disminuyó los costos de los servicios hospitalarios. Es necesario que los cirujanos conozcan la técnica y la historia de esta técnica. El objetivo fue identificar los orígenes del auge y la caída del mito y del dogma de la prohibición de la adrenalina en los bloqueos anestésicos de los dedos. Se realizó un análisis crítico de los principales textos de los artículos y los libros sobre el uso de la epinefrina en la anestesia de los dedos. La creación del mito de prohibir el uso de la epinefrina en los bloqueos anestésicos de los dedos se produjo debido a la mala interpretación de los informes de los casos de necrosis ocurridos que, en realidad, no fueron causados por la epinefrina. Ese mito influyó en la aparición de un dogma. La historia del uso de la epinefrina en los bloqueos de los dedos anestésicos demuestra que las interpretaciones superficiales y erróneas de las complicaciones clínicas publicadas como informes de casos pueden generar mitos y dogmas. Solo la ciencia puede prevenir y destruir tales mitos y dogmas médicos(AU)

The possibility of operating patients with hand conditions under local anesthesia, with lidocaine and epinephrine, using WALANT technique caused a revolution in hand surgery, which made life easier for patients and lowered the costs of hospital services. Surgeons need to be aware of the possibilities and history of WALANT technique. The objective was to identify the origins of the rise and fall of the myth and dogma of the prohibition of adrenaline in anesthetic finger blocks. A critical analysis of the main texts of the articles and books on the use of epinephrine in finger anesthesia was carried out. The conception of the myth of banning the use of epinephrine in anesthetic finger blocks occurred due to misinterpretation of reports of necrosis occurring, which were not actually caused by epinephrine. That myth influenced the appearance of a dogma. The history of the use of epinephrine in anesthetic finger blocks demonstrates that superficial and misleading interpretations of clinical complications published as case reports can breed myth and dogma. Only science can prevent and destroy such medical myths and dogmas(AU)

Assessment of The Addition of Epinephrine to Intra-articular Bupivacaine for the Control of Acute Pain in Patients underwent to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Avaliação da adição da epinefrina à bupivacaína intra-articular no controle da dor aguda em pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior

Abstract Objective To evaluate postoperative pain, using the visual analog scale (VAS), in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and receiving intra-articular anesthetic solutions. Methods The present is a randomized clinical trial with a sample of 48 patients divided into 4 groups: Group I (n » 12) - 20 mL of saline solution (control); Group II (n » 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine; Group III (n » 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine þ 0.1 mg of epinephrine; and Group IV (n » 12) - 20 mL of saline solution þ 0.1 mg of epinephrine. These solutions were injected into the knee at the end of the surgery. Pain was assessed using the VAS immediately and 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the procedure. Results The VAS scores were highly variable among the groups. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), considering a level of significance of 5%, revealed that all intra-articular anesthetic solutions influenced the assessment of pain (p » 0.003), and that Group-III subjects presented less postoperative pain. There was no evidence of a higher or lower use of supplemental analgesic agents, or of adverse effects resulting from these anesthetic solutions. Conclusion Bupivacaine combined with epinephrine was the most effective solution for pain control in patients undergoing ACLR, but with no statistically significant differences when compared to Group II (p » 0.547). There was no decrease or increase in the use of supplemental analgesics or in the occurrence of adverse systemic effects (p > 0.05).

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar primariamente a dor pós-operatória, por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA), nos pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA) que receberam soluções anestésicas intra-articulares (IAs). Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado com uma amostra de 48 pacientes, divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo I (n » 12) - 20 ml de solução fisiológica (controle); Grupo II (n » 12) - 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,5%; Grupo III (n » 12) - 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,5% þ 0,1 mg de epinefrina; e Grupo IV (n » 12) - 20 ml de solução fisiológica þ 0,1 mg de epinefrina, injetados no joelho ao término da cirurgia. A dor foi avaliada pela EVA imediatamente e 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas após o procedimento. Resultados Observou-se grande variabilidade nos resultados da EVA entre os pacientes avaliados em cada grupo. Verificou-se, pela análise de variância (analysis of variance, ANOVA) de Kruskal-Wallis, considerando um nível de 5% de significância, que as soluções anestésicas IAs de cada grupo influenciaram na avaliação da dor desses pacientes (p » 0,003), sendo os do Grupo III os que apresentaram menor dor pósoperatória. Não se evidenciou um maior ou menor consumo de drogas analgésicas suplementares, ou efeitos adversos das decorrentes das soluções empregadas. Conclusão A solução combinada de bupivacaína e epinefrina foi a mais eficaz no controle da dor nos pacientes submetidos a RLCA, mas sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas com relação ao grupo II (p » 0,547). Não se observou diminuição ou aumento no consumo de analgésicos suplementares, ou o aparecimento de efeitos sistêmicos adversos (p > 0,05).

Perfil de utilização de anestésicos locais de uma cidade brasileira com ênfase em diabéticos / Profile of use of local anesthetics in a Brazilian city with emphasis on diabetics

Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de cirurgiões-dentistas que trabalham em consultórios particulares de Palmas, Tocantins, quanto à utilização de anestésicos locais em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus. Materiais e método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo qualitativo, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da FAMERP de São José do Rio Preto, sob o protocolo 032/2007 e CAAE: 0065.0.000.140-07, respeitando-se a Resolução 466/12, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário, utilizando um formulário estruturado. Resultados: de 113 participantes, 47 (41,6%) eram do sexo masculino e 66 (58,4%) do sexo feminino, com idade média de 35 anos. O anestésico mais utilizado pelos cirurgiões-dentistas avaliados foi a lidocaína 2% + adrenalina 1:100.000 (53,1%), o qual também é o mais utilizado para pacientes diabéticos controlados (64,6%). Quanto à variedade de anestésicos, 47,8% dos avaliados relataram possuir somente 3 tipos de anestésicos no consultório e que 83,2% nunca presenciaram nenhum problema decorrente do uso de anestésico. Além disso, 65,5% relataram não participar de cursos para atualização de conhecimentos, sendo que 53,1% mostraram-se insatisfeitos com o ensino de anestesiologia que receberam na graduação. Conclusão: observou-se que os cirurgiões-dentistas do atendimento odontológico particular de Palmas precisam de uma reciclagem profissional, a fim de atualizarem conhecimentos adquiridos na graduação sobre indicação e utilização de anestésicos locais em tratamentos odontológicos de pacientes com necessidades especiais, com ênfase em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the knowledge of dentists who work in private offices in Palmas, Tocantins, regarding the use of local anesthetics in patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and method: this research is a qualitative descriptive study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of FAMERP from São José do Rio Preto, under protocol number 032/2007 and CAAE: 0065.0.000.140-07 in compliance with the Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council. Data collection was performed through the application of a questionnaire, using a structured form. Results: 47 (41.6%) out of 113 participants were male and 66 (58.4%) female, with an average age of 35 years old. The anesthetic most used by the dentists evaluated was lidocaine 2% + adrenaline 1: 100,000 (53.1%) which is also the most used for controlled diabetic patients (64.6%). As for the variety of anesthetics, 47.8% of those evaluated reported having only 3 types of anesthetics in the office and that 83.2% never saw any problems resulting from the use of anesthetics. Furthermore, 65.5% reported not participating in courses to update knowledge and 53.1% were dissatisfied with the teaching of anesthesiology they received during graduation. Conclusion: it was observed that dentists who work in private dental offices in Palmas need a professional retraining in order to update knowledge acquired during graduation on the indication and use of local anesthetics in dental treatments for patients with special needs, with an emphasis on patients with diabetes mellitus.(AU)

Safety of local anesthetics

Abstract Local anesthetics are essential medications for the conduction of dermatological procedures. They stop the depolarization of nerve fibers and are divided into two main categories, the amide and ester types. Systemic toxicity with reflex on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is their most feared adverse reactions, and the anaphylactic reaction is the most concerning one. Although potentially fatal, these events are extremely rare, so local anesthetics are considered safe for use in in-office procedures.

Tratamiento endoscópico del sangrado digestivo alto por úlcera péptica / Endoscopic treatment of the high digestive bleeding by peptic ulcer

RESUMEN Introducción: la hemorragia digestiva alta ocurre por una lesión sangrante localizada entre el esfínter esofágico superior y el ángulo de Treitz. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento del tratamiento endoscópico del sangrado digestivo alto por úlcera péptica, en el departamento de Gastroenterología del Hospital Universitario Comandante "Faustino Pérez". Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo para evaluar el resultado del tratamiento endoscópico en el sangrado digestivo alto por úlcera péptica en el Hospital Universitario Comandante "Faustino Pérez" de Matanzas, de enero del 2016 a febrero del 2018. El tratamiento endoscópico fue la inyectoterapia con epinefrina al 1:10000. Se analizaron las variables: grupo de edades, sexo, resultado del tratamiento endoscópico, estigmas endoscópicos de sangrado, recidiva hemorrágica, mortalidad directa, necesidad de cirugía, estadía hospitalaria y cantidad de unidades transfusionales. Resultados: se constató un predominio de pacientes masculinos (87.5 %), menores de 60 años (70%). Prevalecieron los pacientes con estigmas endoscópicos de sangrado activo venoso (45%). La terapia endoscópica tuvo un resultado satisfactorio (92.5%) en su mayoría. La ocurrencia de resangrado (45%), mortalidad directa por hemorragia digestiva, promedio de estadía hospitalaria, cantidad de unidades transfusionales y necesidad de intervención quirúrgica de urgencia (17.5%), resultó similar a los estudios reportados, demostrando que la inyectoterapia endoscópica aún constituye una opción eficaz si no se cuenta con otras terapias endoscópicas. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los casos tratados con inyectoterapia endoscópica tuvieron un sangrado activo venoso o Forrest IB que fue satisfactoria. La inyectoterapia no satisfactoria fue en pacientes con sangrado activo. La mortalidad directa relacionada con el sangrado fue infrecuente y en relación con el sangrado arterial. Se demostró que la inyectoterapia endoscópica aún constituye una opción eficaz si no se cuenta con otras terapias endoscópicas (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: high digestive bleeding happens due to a bleeding lesion located between the upper anatomical sphincter of the esophagus and the angle of Treitz. Objective: to determine the endoscopic treatment behavior of high digestive bleeding caused by peptic ulcer, in the department of Gastroenterology of the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez". Materials and methods: a prospective descriptive study was carried out to evaluate the result of the endoscopic treatment in high digestive bleeding caused by peptic ulcer in the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez", of Matanzas, from January 2016 to February 2018. The endoscopic treatment was injecto-therapy with epinephrine at 1:10000. The analyzed variables were: age group, sex, result of the endoscopic treatment, bleeding endoscopic stigma, hemorrhagic relapse, direct mortality, surgery necessity, hospital staying, and quantity of transfusion units. Results: male patients (87.5 %), aged less than 60 years predominated. Patients with endoscopic stigma of venous active bleeding (45 %) prevailed. In most of cases, endoscopic therapy achieved satisfactory results (92.5 %). The authors found that bleeding relapse (45 %), direct mortality by digestive hemorrhage, average hospital staying, quantity of transfusion units and necessity of urgent surgeries (17.5 %) were similar to those reported in other studies. Conclusions: most cases treated with endoscopic injectotherapy had active venous or Forrest IB bleeding and treatment was satisfactory. Therapy was unsatisfactory in patients with active bleeding. The direct mortality related to bleeding was infrequent, and related to arterial bleeding. It was showed that endoscopic injectotherapy is still an efficacious option if other endoscopic therapies are not available (AU).

Reconocimiento y manejo de la anafilaxia en pediatría / Detection and management of anaphylaxis in children

INTRODUCCIÓN: La anafilaxia es una emergencia. De acuerdo con las últimas recomendaciones internacionales el reconocimiento de los criterios clínicos y el tratamiento temprano con adrenalina intramuscular se asocian a mayor sobrevida. OBJETIVO: Determinar el conocimiento de los médicos pediatras de un Hospital Pediátrico de tercer nivel sobre los criterios diagnósticos y el tratamiento de la anafilaxia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal que considera diseño, aplicación y validación de una encuesta anónima a médicos con residencia completa en pediatría que realizan guardias en un hospital de tercer nivel. Los ítems de la Encuesta comprendieron tres dimensiones, experiencia del operador (2 ítems), manejo farmacológico (3 ítems) e identificación del cuadro (4 ítems). El análisis estadístico utilizó el programa SPSS v.21, presentando medidas de tendencia central (mediana, rango y tabla de frecuencias) y para su comparación prueba de Chi cuadrado. Se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Se encuestaron 71 médicos con una mediana de 3 años transcurridos desde el fin de la residencia. 35% identificó todos los criterios clínicos; 99% (70) indicó adrenalina, 73% por vía intramuscular y 55% a dosis correcta (solo el 48% contestó la dosis y vía correctamente). En forma global la adecuación para identificación más manejo correcto fue del 21%. Los médicos con menos de 5 años de experiencia tuvieron mejor desempeño en la administración de adrenalina intramuscular (83% vs 52% p = 0,005) y en la detección de síntomas gastrointestinales (60%vs35% p = 0,043). CONCLUSIONES: Existen dificultades para la identificación y el manejo apropiado de la anafilaxia por pediatras de un Hospital de tercer nivel en un escenario teórico. Aunque la mayoría eligió la adrenalina como droga de primera línea, la mitad no la indicó de forma correcta y solo un tercio reconoció el cuadro en todos sus escenarios.

INTRODUCTION: Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition. According to the latest international guide lines, early recognition and treatment with intramuscular epinephrine are associated with increased survival. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of knowledge of pediatricians in a tertiary Pediatric Hos pital about the diagnostic criteria and treatment of anaphylaxis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sec tional descriptive study was conducted, designing, applying, and validating an anonymous survey to physicians with complete residency in pediatrics who are on call at a third level hospital. The statisti cal analysis was made using the SPSS v.21 software, presenting measures of central tendency (median, range, and frequency table) and Chi-square test for comparison. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 71 physicians completed the survey with a median of three years after the end of residency.35% of them identified all clinical criteria, 99% (70) indicated epinephrine, 73% chose the intramuscular route, and 55% indicated the correct dose. Only 48% of responders chose the dose and administration route correctly. In general, 21% recognized anaphylaxis and used epinephrine correctly. Physicians with less than five years of experience performed better in the intramuscular administration of epinephrine (83% vs 52% p = 0.005) and in the detection of gastrointestinal symp toms (60% vs 35% p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: There are difficulties in the identification and proper management of anaphylaxis by pediatricians of a tertiary Pediatric Hospital in a theoretical clinical setting. Although most of pediatricians chose epinephrine as a first-line drug, half of them did not indicate it correctly, and only one-third recognized anaphylaxis in all scenarios.

Ressuscitação cardíaca pré-hospitalar. Do pré-hospitalar à sala de emergência: minutos que salvam uma vida - suporte básico / Prehospital cardiac ressuscitation. From prehospital to the emergency room: minutes that save a life - basic support

A incidência exata de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) mesmo em países com registros clínicos bem estruturados ainda é desconhecida, mas as estimativas variam de 180.000 a mais de 450.000 mortes anuais. A etiologia mais comum da PCR é a doença cardiovascular isquêmica que ocasiona no desenvolvimento de arritmias letais. A sobrevivência decorrente da PCR apresenta desfechos divergentes. No cenário extra-hospitalar, os estudos relataram taxas de sobrevida de 1% a 6%. Três revisões sistemáticas de alta hospitalar sobre a PCR extra-hospitalar mostraram 5% a 10% de sobrevida entre aqueles tratados através de serviços médicos de emergência e 15% quando o distúrbio do ritmo era a fibrilação ventricular (FV). O suporte básico de vida consiste em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) e, quando disponível, desfibrilação com desfibrilador externo automático (DEA). As chaves para a sobrevivência após a PCR são reconhecimento e tratamento precoces, especificamente, início imediato de excelente RCP e desfibrilação precoce. O presente artigo discutirá os princípios do suporte básico de vida em adultos do pré-hospitalar à sala de emergência, conforme descritos nas Diretrizes de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Atendimento Cardiovascular de Emergência do ILCOR e AHA, atualizadas em novembro de 2017

The exact incidence of cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) even in countries with well-structured clinical records is still unknown, but estimates range from 180,000 to over 450,000 annual deaths. The most common etiology of CRA is ischemic cardiovascular disease, resulting in the development of lethal arrhythmias. Survival of CRA shows divergent outcomes. In the out-of-hospital setting, studies have reported survival rates of 1% to 6%. Three systematic reviews of hospital discharge on extra-hospital CRA showed 5% to 10% survival between those treated by emergency medical services and 15% when the rhythm disorder was ventricular fibrillation (VF). Basic life support consists of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and, when available, defibrillation with an automatic external defibrillator (AED). The keys to survival of CRA are early recognition and treatment, specifically, immediate onset of excellent CPR and early defibrillation. This article will discuss the basics of adult life support from prehospital to emergency room, as outlined in the ILCOR and AHA Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, updated in November 2017

Cuidados pós-ressuscitação-cardiopulmonar (RCP) / Post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) care

Evitar novos episódios de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). Identificar e tratar as causas que levaram o paciente à PCR. Oferecer suportes ventilatório, hemodinâmico, neurológico e metabólico. Realizar a modulação terapêutica de temperatura para todos os pacientes que retornaram à circulação espontânea. Indicação de cateterismo cardíaco para pacientes sem causa estabelecida de PCR quando a causa pode ser um evento coronariano

Avoid further episodes of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Identify and treat the causes of the patient's CPA. Provide ventilatory, hemodynamic, neurological and metabolic support. Perform therapeutic temperature modulation for all patients who have resumed spontaneous circulation. Indication of cardiac catheterization for patients with no established cause of CPA when the cause may be a coronary event

Antivenom therapy: efficacy of premedication for the prevention of adverse reactions

Antivenoms or antitoxins have been effectively used for more than a century. During this time, these products have always proven to be highly effective in the treatment of infections and envenomations. However, antivenoms did not exhibit good safety results in their initial applications. After many improvements, antivenoms have substantially better safety profiles but still have some side effects. Due to the occurrence of adverse reactions, the practice of using premedication with the intent to decrease side effects has become accepted or mandatory in many countries. The drugs used for premedication belong to the histamine H1 antagonist, glucocorticoid and catecholamine groups. Currently, this practice is being questioned due to low or controversial efficacies in clinical assays. In this article, we discuss the causes of adverse reactions, the mechanisms of drugs that block the undesired effects and the results obtained in clinical trials. Although these three families of drugs could have positive effects on reducing adverse reactions, only adrenaline has demonstrated positive results in clinical assays.

Antivenom therapy: efficacy of premedication for the prevention of adverse reactions

Antivenoms or antitoxins have been effectively used for more than a century. During this time, these products have always proven to be highly effective in the treatment of infections and envenomations. However, antivenoms did not exhibit good safety results in their initial applications. After many improvements, antivenoms have substantially better safety profiles but still have some side effects. Due to the occurrence of adverse reactions, the practice of using premedication with the intent to decrease side effects has become accepted or mandatory in many countries. The drugs used for premedication belong to the histamine H1 antagonist, glucocorticoid and catecholamine groups. Currently, this practice is being questioned due to low or controversial efficacies in clinical assays. In this article, we discuss the causes of adverse reactions, the mechanisms of drugs that block the undesired effects and the results obtained in clinical trials. Although these three families of drugs could have positive effects on reducing adverse reactions, only adrenaline has demonstrated positive results in clinical assays.(AU)

Specific questionnaire detects a high incidence of intra-operative hypersensitivity reactions

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of intra-operative immediate hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil, from January to December 2010. We developed a specific questionnaire to be completed by anesthesiologists. This tool included questions about hypersensitivity reactions during anesthesia and provided treatments. We included patients with clinical signs compatible with immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Hhypersensitivity reactions were categorized according to severity (grades I-V). American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA 1-6) was analyzed and associated with the severity of hypersensitivity reactions. RESULTS: In 2010, 21,464 surgeries were performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists answered questionnaires on 5,414 procedures (25.2%). Sixty cases of intra-operative hypersensitivity reactions were reported. The majority patients (45, 75%) had hypersensitivity reactions grade I reactions (incidence of 27.9:10,000). Fifteen patients (25%) had grade II, III or IV reactions (intra-operative anaphylaxis) (incidence of 7:10,000). No patients had grade V reactions. Thirty patients (50%) were classified as ASA 1. The frequency of cardiovascular shock was higher in patients classified as ASA 3 than in patients classified as ASA 1 or ASA 2. Epinephrine was administered in 20% of patients with grade III hypersensitivity reactions and in 50% of patients with grade II hypersensitivity reactions. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients had hypersensitivity reactions grade I reactions; however, the incidence of intra-operative anaphylaxis was higher than that previously reported in the literature. Patients with ASA 3 had more severe anaphylaxis; however, the use of epinephrine was not prescribed in all of these cases. Allergists and anesthesiologists should implement preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of anaphylaxis.

survey of self-reported food allergy and food-related anaphylaxis among young adult students at Kuwait University, Kuwait

Objectives: Jo conduct a survey on self-reported food allergy to milk, egg, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, wheat, and sesame, as well as reported food-related anaphylaxis and epinephrine prescription practices among Kuwaiti students attending Kuwait University

Subjects and Methods: One thousand questionnaires that included data on age, gender, presence of food allergies, and associated details were distributed. All participants reporting an allergy were categorized as having a perceived food allergy. Those with a convincing clinical history and history of undergoing diagnostic food allergy testing were further categorized as having a probable food allergy

Results: Of the 1,000 questionnaires, 865 [86.5%] were completed. Of the 865 students, 104 [12.02%] reported food allergy [perceived], and 47 of these [45.19%] were probable food allergies. For milk [46.7%] peanut [35.7%], fish [60%], and sesame [50%], probable food allergy occurred in early childhood [<5 years] while those of egg [44.4%] and wheat [57.1%] occurred in late childhood [6-10 years], and shellfish [40%] occurred in early adolescence [11-15 years]. Of the 47 students with a probable food allergy, 28 [59.6%] were moderate to severe: 20 [71%] of these moderate-to-severe allergy cases reported at least 1 food-related anaphylactic episode while 8 [29%] denied such episodes. Equally important, of the 28 students, 6 [21%] received an autoinjectable epinephrine prescription, while 22 [79%] did not receive any

Conclusions: In this study the reported occurrence of perceived food allergy was low and probable food allergy occurred mostly in early childhood. Milk, egg, and nut allergies were the most commonly reported in both groups

Actualización en el tratamiento de bronquiolitis aguda: menos es más / Update in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis: less is more

Viral bronchiolitis is a major worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality in children under two years old. Evidence-based management guidelines suggest that there is no effective treatment for bronchiolitis and that supportive care - hydration and oxygenation - remains the cornerstone of clinical management. In this review we describe the current guidelines of treatment with emphasis in the limitation of unnecessary testing and intervention. Also, we discuss the future directions in the research of new therapies for bronchiolitis.

La bronquiolitis viral es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en niños de menos de dos años de edad en todo el mundo. Las guías clínicas basadas en la evidencia sugieren que no existe un tratamiento efectivo para la bronquiolitis y que la hidratación y una adecuada oxigenación, siguen siendo la base del manejo clínico. En esta revisión, se describen las actuales guías de tratamiento haciendo énfasis en limitar los exámenes e intervenciones innecesarias. También discutimos la investigación en nuevas terapias para la bronquiolitis.

Epinephrine in cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis / A adrenalina durante parada cardíaca: revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Adrenalina en el paro cardíaco: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

abstract Objective: evaluate the effectiveness of epinephrine used during cardiac arrest and its effect on the survival rates and neurological condition. Method: systematic review of scientific literature with meta-analysis, using a random effects model. The following databases were used to research clinical trials and observational studies: Medline, Embase and Cochrane, from 2005 to 2015. Results: when the Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) with administration of epinephrine was compared with ROSC without administration, increased rates were found with administration (OR 2.02. 95% CI 1.49 to 2.75; I2 = 95%). Meta-analysis showed an increase in survival to discharge or 30 days after administration of epinephrine (OR 1.23; 95% IC 1.05-1.44; I2=83%). Stratification by shockable and non-shockable rhythms showed an increase in survival for non-shockable rhythm (OR 1.52; 95% IC 1.29-1.78; I2=42%). When compared with delayed administration, the administration of epinephrine within 10 minutes showed an increased survival rate (OR 2.03; 95% IC 1.77-2.32; I2=0%). Conclusion: administration of epinephrine appears to increase the rate of ROSC, but when compared with other therapies, no positive effect was found on survival rates of patients with favorable neurological status.

resumo Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade da adrenalina na parada cardíaca e seu efeito na sobrevivência e no estado neurológico. Métodos: revisão sistemática da literatura científica com meta-análise utilizando um modelo de efeitos aleatórios. Revisão em Medline, Embase e Cochrane, desde 2005 até 2015 de ensaios clínicos e estudos observacionais. Resultados: observou-se aumento nas taxas de retorno de circulação espontânea com a administração de adrenalina (OR 2,02; 95% IC 1,49-2,75; I2=95%) comparadas com a não administração de adrenalina. A meta-análise mostrou um aumento da sobrevivência na alta ou depois de 30 dias da administração de adrenalina (OR 1,23; 95% IC 1,05-1,44; I2=83%). Quando estratificados por ritmos desfibrilháveis e não desfibrilháveis apareceu um aumento da sobrevivência nos ritmos não desfibrilháveis (OR 1,52; 95% IC 1,29-1,78; I2=42%). Também observou-se um incremento de sobrevivência na alta ou depois de 30 dias, quando administrada a adrenalina antes de 10 minutos, isto comparado com administração tardia (OR 2,03; 95% IC 1,77-2,32; I2=0%). Conclusão: a administração de adrenalina parece incrementar a taxa de retorno da circulação espontânea, mas não se tem encontrado um efeito positivo nas taxas de sobrevivência nem nas taxas de pacientes com estado neurológico favorável, em comparação com outras terapias.

resumen Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la adrenalina en el paro cardíaco y su efecto en la supervivencia y en el estado neurológico. Métodos: revisión sistemática de la literatura científica con metaanálisis utilizando un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Revisión en Medline, Embase y Cochrane, desde 2005 hasta 2015, de ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales. Resultados: se observó aumento en las tasas de retorno de circulación espontánea cuando administrada adrenalina (OR 2,02; 95% IC 1,49-2,75; I2=95%) comparada con la no administración de adrenalina. El metaanálisis mostró un aumento de la supervivencia al alta hospitalaria o a los 30 días cuando administrada adrenalina (OR 1,23; 95% IC 1,05-1,44; I2=83%). La estratificación por ritmos desfibrilables y no desfibrilables mostró un aumento de la supervivencia en ritmos no desfibrilables (OR 1,52; 95% IC 1,29-1,78; I2=42%). También, se observó un incremento en la supervivencia al alta hospitalaria o a los 30 días en la administración de adrenalina antes de 10 minutos comparada con la administración tardía (OR 2,03; 95% IC 1,77-2,32; I2=0%). Conclusión: la administración de adrenalina parece incrementar la tasa de retorno de circulación espontánea, pero no se ha encontrado un efecto positivo en tasas de supervivencia ni en tasas de pacientes con estado neurológico favorable, en comparación con otras terapias.

Estabilidad de una formulación de adrenalina 1 mg/mL inyectable, para uso veterinario / Stability of a formulation of 1mg/ml adrenaline injectable product for veterinary use

Introducción: el inyectable de adrenalina 1 mg/mL se emplea en bovinos, equinos, caprinos, ovinos, porcinos, perros y gatos como estimulante directo del miocardio, en el shock anafiláctico, el espasmo bronquial por su acción broncodilatadora, en anestesia local para prolongar su acción, como hemostático local en hemorragias superficiales, en urticaria y descongestivo conjuntival. Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño del método analítico por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, aplicable al control de la calidad y al estudio de estabilidad del inyectable y su estabilidad en el tiempo. Métodos: la separación para cuantificar el principio activo en el producto terminado se realizó a través de una columna cromatográfica Lichrosorb RP- 18(5 µm) (250 x 4 mm), con detección ultravioleta a 280 nm, empleando una fase móvil compuesta por metanol‒solución de fosfato de sodio monobásico 0,05 M, 1‒octanosulfonato de sodio y edetato de sodio a pH 3,58 (3:17) y la cuantificación de este frente a una muestra de referencia con el método del estándar externo. El estudio de vida de estante se desarrolló por un periodo de doce meses a temperatura ambiente y el de estabilidad acelerada a 40 0 C durante seis meses. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos de los parámetros analizados en la evaluación del desempeño del método se encontraron dentro de los límites establecidos. Los resultados del estudio de estabilidad por vida de estante después de transcurridos los doce meses indicaron que el producto mantiene los parámetros que determinan su calidad durante ese tiempo y no se observó degradación significativa del producto en los estudios acelerados. Conclusiones: la evaluación del desempeño del método analítico desarrollado demostró la confiabilidad del mismo. Se estableció un año como fecha de vencimiento en las condiciones señaladas(AU)

Introduction: one mig/ml adrenaline injectable product is used in bovines, horses, caprine, ovines, swines, dogs and cats as direct myocardial stimulant in the anaphylactic shock, bronchial spasm because of its bronchodilating action, in local anesthesia to extend its action, local hemostatic agent in superficial hemorrhages, in urticaria and as conjunctival decongestive agent. Objective: to evaluate the high performance liquid chromatography analytical method applicable to the quality control and the stability study of the injectable and its time stability. Methods: for quantification of the active principle in the final product, the separation was performed with a chromatographic columm Lichosorb RP-18(5 µm) (250 x 4mm)and ultraviolect detection at 280nm, using a mobile phase of methanol-monobasic sodium phosphate 0.05 M, 1-sodium octanosulphonate and sodium edentate solution at pH 3.58 (3:17) and the quantification against a reference sample was made with the external standard method. The shelf life study was conducted for 12 months at room temperature and that of accelerated stability at 40°C for six months. Results: the achieved results in the parameters analyzed in the evaluation of the method performance were within the set limits. The results of the shelf life stability study after 12 months indicated that the product keep the parameters that determine its quality during that time and no significant degradation of the product was observed in the accelerated studies. Conclusions: the evaluation of the analytical method performance showed the reliability of the method. The expiry date was then set as one year under the stated conditions(AU)

Abordagem do segmento superior do corpo em pacientes ex-obesos com cirurgia única: toracobraquio-mamoplastia / Unique surgery for the upper body segment in patients with massive weight loss: thoracobrachio-mammoplasty

INTRODUÇÃO Os pacientes ex-obesos necessitam de uma abordagem complexa, diante do grande excesso de pele decorrente da perda ponderal. Em alguns casos, muitas cirurgias plásticas são necessárias, não havendo uma padronização na associação destas cirurgias. No segmento superior do corpo, a região dos braços, a lateral do tórax e as mamas normalmente são acometidas, principalmente nas mulheres. Diversas técnicas foram desenvolvidas com o objetivo de alcançar resultados melhores e com cicatrizes mais escondidas. Algumas técnicas podem ser associadas, sendo realizadas em um único tempo cirúrgico. Quando a equipe é bem estruturada, o tempo cirúrgico é reduzido, significando mais segurança para o paciente. MÉTODO: Os autores apresentam uma técnica que oferece padronização no tratamento do ex-obeso, que é realizada em tempo único: a Mamoplastia (pela técnica de Pitanguy ou com aposição de prótese mamária), a Toracoplastia (com a retirada do excesso de pele na lateral do tórax) e a Braquioplastia (realizada com um desenho retilíneo na parte mais inferior dos braços). RESULTADOS: Os sete casos foram avaliados quanto ao tempo cirúrgico, à localização das cicatrizes, à forma final e à simetria. Entre as complicações, houve deiscências parciais (14%) e cicatrizes hipertróficas (14%). O resultado estético foi satisfatório para os pacientes em 84% dos casos, sendo que a qualidade da cicatrização do paciente, queloide ou cicatrizes hipercrômicas, foi a maior causa de insatisfação. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização da técnica de Toracobraquio-mamoplastia em um único tempo se mostrou efetiva no tratamento do ex-obeso, oferecendo mais uma opção, diante das outras cirurgias que estes pacientes normalmente necessitam.

INTRODUCTION Ex-obese patients require a complex surgical approach because of the large amount of excess skin due to their massive weight loss. In some cases, several plastic surgeries are needed, and there is no existing standard in the coordination of these surgeries. In the upper segment of the body, the arms, side of the thorax, and breasts are usually affected, mainly in women. Several techniques have been developed with the aim of achieving better results with better hidden scars. Some techniques may be associated, being carried out in a single surgical procedure. A well-structured surgical team leads to a reduced surgical time, which means higher safety for the patient. METHOD: We present a technique for standardization in the treatment of ex-obese patients that is performed in a single step, comprising mammoplasty (according to Pitanguy's technique or with placement of breast prosthesis), thoracoplasty (with the removal of excess skin on the side of the chest), and brachioplasty (performed with a rectilinear drawing at the lowest part of the arms). RESULTS: Seven cases were evaluated in terms of surgical time, location of the scars, and final shape and symmetry. The complications included partial dehiscence (14%) and hypertrophic scars (14%). The aesthetic result was satisfactory for 84% of the patients; on the other hand, the quality of cicatrization, keloid, and hypertrophic scars were the major causes of dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION: The use of the thoracobrachio-mammoplasty technique in a single surgical time was effective in the treatment of ex-obese patients, offering yet another option among other surgeries that these patients usually need.

Comparison on Endoscopic Hemoclip and Hemoclip Combination Therapy in Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Patients Based on Clinical Practice Data: Is There Difference between Prospective Cohort Study and Randomized Study? / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic hemoclip application is an effective and safe method of endoscopic hemostasis. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study on hemoclip and hemoclip combination therapy based on prospective cohort database in terms of hemostatic efficacy not in clinical trial but in real clinical practice. METHODS: Data on endoscopic hemostasis for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) were prospectively collected from February 2011 to December 2013. Among 1,584 patients with NVUGIB, 186 patients treated with hemoclip were enrolled in this study. Subjects were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n=62), hemoclipping only; group 2 (n=88), hemoclipping plus epinephrine injection; and group 3 (n=36), hemocliping and epinephrine injection plus other endoscopic hemostatic modalities. Primary outcomes included rebleeding, other therapeutic management, hospitalization period, fasting period and mortality. Secondary outcomes were bleeding associated mortality and overall mortality. RESULTS: Active bleeding and peptic ulcer bleeding were more common in group 3 than in group 1 and in group 2 (p<0.001). However, primary outcomes (rebleeding, other management, morbidity, hospitalization period, fasting period and mortality) and secondary outcomes (bleeding associated mortality and total mortality) were not different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy of epinephrine injection and other modalities with hemoclips did not show advantage over hemoclipping alone in this prospective cohort study. However, there is a tendency to perform combination therapy in active bleeding which resulted in equivalent hemostatic success rate, and this reflects the role of combination therapy in clinical practice.

Does Maintaining a Bottle of Adhesive Without the Lid Significantly Reduce the Solvent Content?

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of maintaining a bottle of adhesive without its lid on the solvent loss of the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. Three 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesives with different solvents (acetone, ethanol or butanol) were used in this study. Drops of each adhesive were placed on an analytical balance and the adhesive mass was recorded until equilibrium was achieved (no significant mass alteration within time). The solvent content of each adhesive and evaporation rate of solvents were measured (n=3). Two bottles of each adhesive were weighted. The bottles were maintained without their lids for 8 h in a stove at 37 ºC, after which the mass loss was measured. Based on mass alteration of drops, acetone-based adhesive showed the highest solvent content (46.5%, CI 95%: 35.8-54.7) and evaporation rate (1.11 %/s, CI95%: 0.63-1.60), whereas ethanol-based adhesive had the lowest values (10.1%, CI95%: 4.3-16.0; 0.03 %/s CI95%: 0.01-0.05). However, none of the adhesives bottles exhibited significant mass loss after sitting for 8 h without their lids (% from initial content; acetone - 96.5, CI 95%: 91.8-101.5; ethanol - 99.4, CI 95%: 98.4-100.4; and butanol - 99.3, CI 95%: 98.1-100.5). In conclusion, maintaining the adhesive bottle without lid did not induce significant solvent loss, irrespective the concentration and evaporation rate of solvent.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da manutenção do frasco do adesivo sem sua tampa na perda de solvente de sistemas adesivos convencionais. Três adesivos convencionais de 2 passos com diferentes solventes (acetona, etanol ou butanol) foram usados neste estudo. Gotas de cada adesivo foram colocadas em uma balança analítica e a massa dos adesivos foi registrada até a obtenção do equilíbrio (nenhuma alteração significativa com o tempo). O conteúdo de solvente de cada adesivo e a taxa de evaporação dos solventes foram mensurados (n=3). Dois frascos de cada adesivo foram pesados. Os frascos foram mantidos sem suas tampas por 8 h em uma estufa a 37 ºC, seguido pela mensuração da pera de massa. Baseado na alteração de massa das gotas, o adesivo a base de acetona demonstrou o maior conteúdo de solvente (46,5%, IC 95%: 35,8-54,7) e de taxa de evaporação (1,11 %/s, IC95%: 0,63-1,60), enquanto que o adesivo à base de etanol teve os menores valores (10,1%, IC95%: 4,3-16,0; 0,03 %/s IC95%: 0,01-0,05). Entretanto, nenhum dos frascos dos adesivos exibiu perda significante de massa após ficar por 8 h sem suas tampas (% do conteúdo inicial; acetona - 96,5, IC95%: 91,8-101,5; etanol - 99,4, IC95%: 98,4-100,4; e butanol - 99,3, IC95%: 98,1-100,5). Em conclusão, a manutenção do frasco do adesivo sem tampa não induziu perda significante de solvente independente da concentração e da taxa de evaporação do solvente.

Incidencia y factores asociados en la recurrencia de sangrado ulceroso post inyectoterapia con adrenalina / Incidence and associated factors in ulcer bleeding recurrence post inyectotherapy with adrenalin

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y los factores asociados en la recurrencia de sangrado post terapia endoscópica con inyección de adrenalina en pacientes con sangrado ulceroso de un hospital de referencia nacional. Materiales y Métodos: Diseño analítico longitudinal. Se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de Hemorragia Digestiva Alta y con tratamiento endoscópico de inyección con adrenalina entre el 2005 y 2011 en el Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Perú. Se midieron las variables resangrado ulceroso, factores de riesgo pre-endoscópicos y endoscópicos. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis bivariado (X2, Test exacto de Fisher y RR) y a un análisis multivariado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 111 pacientes. La incidencia de resangrado fue de 20,7%. El análisis multivariado reveló que el sangrado activo (p=0,002) y el uso de anticoagulantes (p=0,035) fueron variables asociadas con resangrado. Conclusión: La incidencia de resangrado fue de 20,7% y los factores asociados fueron Sangrado Activo y el uso de anticoagulantes.

Aim: to determine the incidence and associated factors with Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding after injection therapy with adrenaline in a general hospital. Methods: Study design: longitudinal and analytic. Clinical records of patients with Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding who received injection therapy with adrenalin during 2005 and 2011 in Daniel Alcides Carrion Hospital, Peru were reviewed. Rebleeding and pre-endoscopic and endoscopic associated factors were sought. A bivariate (Chi Square, Fisher Exact test and RR) and multivariate analysis were performed. Results: A total of 111 patients were included. Rebleeding rate was 20.7%. Multivariate analysis showed active bleeding (p=0.002) and anticoagulant drugs (p=0.035) were associated with rebleeding. Conclusion: Rebleeding rate was 20,7% and active bleeding as well as anticoagulant drugs use were associated factors.